@EdWorkingPaper{ai19-161,
title = "Ever Failed, Try Again, Succeed Better: Results from a Randomized Educational Intervention on Grit",
author = "Sule Alan, Teodora Boneva, Seda Ertac",
institution = "Annenberg Institute at Brown University",
number = "161",
year = "2019",
month = "November",
URL = "http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai19-161",
abstract = {We show that grit, a skill that has been shown to be highly predictive of achievement, is malleable in childhood and can be fostered in the classroom environment. We evaluate a randomized educational intervention implemented in two independent elementary school samples. Outcomes are measured via a novel incentivized real effort task and performance in standardized tests. We find that treated students are more likely to exert effort to accumulate task-specific ability, and hence, more likely to succeed. In a follow up 2.5 years after the intervention, we estimate an effect of about 0.2 standard deviations on a standardized math test.},
}