TY  - RPRT
TI  - Helping the Many by Tutoring the Few: The Social Multiplier of Early Literacy Instruction
AU  - Bingley, Paul
AU  - Dietrichson, Jens
AU  - Friis-Hansen, Mette
AU  - Jensen, Vibeke Myrup
PY  - 2026
T3  - EdWorkingPaper
M1  - 26-1562
PB  - Annenberg Institute at Brown University
DO  - 10.26300/xnz7-3z53
UR  - https://edworkingpapers.com/ai26-1562
AB  - Tutoring is almost always evaluated by randomizing students within schools, a design that differences out any spillover onto classmates. We instead randomize 81 Danish schools and 2,583 kindergartners, tutoring a few children in each and testing all. Decoding improved 0.38 standard deviations among the pre-registered target group and 0.27 SD school-wide. Bounds requiring only the test’s range and random assignment show that never-tutored peers gained at least 0.19 SD, implying a social multiplier of at least three. Tutors were the schools’ own staff, so costs were low. Evaluations of targeted tutoring understate its value two- to threefold.
ER  -