Research on student attendance patterns corroborate these reports, especially in places targeted by ICE and in communities with larger immigrant populations. A recent survey published by the Urban Institute finds that 10% of adults from immigrant families reported not sending their children to school because of immigration enforcement concerns. One study of a California school district showed that daily student absences increased by 22% after ICE conducted raids early in 2025. The largest jump in absences occurred among the youngest students. Research from Connecticut and Rhode Island showed declines in attendance and increases in chronic absenteeism for students classified as English learners (EL) since Trump took office for his second term. (Researchers often use EL status or Latino ethnic origin as a proxy for immigration status, since schools do not collect information on students’ immigration status.) Studies from earlier periods of enforcement have found immediate and sustained drops in student attendance following immigration arrests, as well as Latino student departures from school districts where local law enforcement entered into cooperative (287(g)) agreements with ICE.