Of course, the last two decades brought many other changes, too. This includes the rise of cellphones and social media, which we return to later. In a recent paper, James Wyckoff of the University of Virginia argues that the field still lacks a clear account of why NAEP scores have fallen. He cautions against overemphasizing the role of COVID-19, noting that the downward trend from 2013 to 2019 would have predicted roughly half of the declines since 2020.1
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