The most recent of these, from researchers at Stanford University’s SCALE Initiative, examined math and reading tutoring programs in a large, urban district during the 2022-23 and 2023-24 school years. Neither led to overall gains in academic achievement.
The SCALE study examined an early literacy tutoring program with 270 kindergartners and 1st graders, and an early numeracy program that served about 1,000 kindergartners. Paraprofessionals served as tutors in both programs.