Do Test Scores Misrepresent Test Results? An Item-by-Item Analysis

November 2025

Much of the data collected in education is effectively thrown away. Students answer individual test questions, but administrators and researchers only see aggregate performance. All the item-level data are lost. Ex ante it is not clear this destroys much useful information, since the aggregate might be a sufficient statistic. Using data from Texas for 5 million students and 1.31 billion student-item responses, we show that in fact aggregation does destroy a great deal of valuable information in education: (1) Even conditional on a summary test measure, there is additional information in the item-level data; (2) This additional information is relevant for the student outcomes that education decisions seek to optimize; and (3) This information can be made practically useful for schools. Given how inexpensive storing, transmitting and analyzing such data would be, large gains could be had in education by simply using all the data we currently collect.

Keywords

Education, Test Scores, Psychometrics, Test Items, Labor Markets

Education level

K-12 Education

Topics

Standards, Assessment, and Curriculum