Lewis & Clark College

https://www.lclark.edu/

School-Based Disability Identification Varies by Student Family Income

Nicholas Ainsworth, Christopher Cleveland, Leah R. Clark, Jacob Hibel, Quentin Brummet, Andrew Saultz, Emily K. Penner, Michelle Spiegel, Paul Yoo, Juan Camilo Cristancho, Paul Hanselman, Andrew Penner. January 2026

Topics: Student Learning

Tags: Ability grouping, Poverty, Race, ethnicity, and education, Students with disabilities

Currently, 18 percent of K-12 students in the United States receive additional supports through the identification of a disability. Socioeconomic status is viewed as central to understanding who gets identified as having a disability, yet limited large-scale evidence examines how disability… more →
Download 01/2026

Institutions: University of California, Irvine, Brown University, United States Census Bureau, University of California, Davis, University of Chicago, Lewis & Clark College, Stanford University
Gifted Identification Across the Distribution of Family Income

Nicholas Ainsworth, Aaron J. Ainsworth, Christopher Cleveland, Leah R. Clark, Quentin Brummet, Emily K. Penner, Jacob Hibel, Andrew Saultz, Michelle Spiegel, Paul Hanselman, Andrew Penner. January 2026

Topics: Student Learning

Tags: Ability grouping, Gifted education, Poverty, Race, ethnicity, and education

Currently, 6.1 percent of K-12 students in the United States receive gifted education. Using education and IRS data that provide information on students and their family income, we show pronounced differences in who schools identify as gifted across the distribution of family income. Under 4… more →
Download 01/2026

Institutions: University of California, Irvine, University of California, Davis, Brown University, United States Census Bureau, University of Chicago, Lewis & Clark College