EdWorkingPapers
Disappearing Diversity and the Probability of Hiring a Nonwhite Teacher: Evidence from Texas
… This study investigates whether a principal’s likelihood of hiring a teacher of color is sensitive to the racial composition of students in the school. We used an … dataset from Texas including 59,157 principal observations and 662,997 teacher observations spanning 2000 to 2017 in …This study investigates whether a principal’s likelihood of hiring a teacher of color is sensitive to the racial composition of students in the school. We used an administrative dataset from Texas including 59,157 principal observations and 662,997 teacher observations spanning 2000 to 2017 in order to consider whether or not the disappearing diversity from a majority white school is a factor… more →
Immigrant Integration in the United States: The Role of Adult English Language Training
… While current debates center on whether and how to admit immigrants to the United States, little attention has been paid to … the primary policy lever for building the language skills of the over 23 million adults with limited English …While current debates center on whether and how to admit immigrants to the United States, little attention has been paid to interventions designed to help immigrants integrate after they arrive. Public adult education programs are the primary policy lever for building the language skills of the over 23 million adults with limited English proficiency in the United States. We leverage the… more →
Does School Funding Matter In a Pandemic? COVID-19 Instructional Models and School Funding Adequacy
… The factors that influenced school districts’ decisions to … school year—the first full school year after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic—have been the focus of a large body … instruction. We find spending adequacy significantly and substantially predicts time spent in virtual instruction: …The factors that influenced school districts’ decisions to offer virtual, hybrid, or in-person instruction during the 2020-21 school year—the first full school year after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic—have been the focus of a large body of research in recent years. Some of this research examines the influence of school spending, among other factors; however, these studies do not… more →
Implementation and Impacts of Career-Focused Advising
… Recent policies have expanded the availability of career-focused advising in high schools, including for students pursuing career and technical education (CTE) courses of study who might not …Recent policies have expanded the availability of career-focused advising in high schools, including for students pursuing career and technical education (CTE) courses of study who might not have been adequately served by traditional college-focused advising. However, there is limited research on the effects of these policies. This study examines the implementation and impacts of career-… more →
Do Health Insurance Mandates Spillover to Education? Evidence from Michigan’s Autism Insurance Mandate
… Social programs and mandates are usually studied in isolation even though they often interact closely with each other. Given the immense recent changes to health insurance systems, there … interacts with education, specifically the education of students with disabilities. We present the first analysis …Social programs and mandates are usually studied in isolation even though they often interact closely with each other. Given the immense recent changes to health insurance systems, there is much potential for spillover effects to other systems in which health plays a large role. In this study, we examine how health insurance interacts with education, specifically the education of students with… more →
Reforming Teacher Pension Plans: The Case of Kansas, the 1st Teacher Cash Balance Plan
… The ongoing crisis in teacher pension funding has led states … replace the traditional benefit formulas, based on years of service and final average salary (FAS). One such design is a cash …The ongoing crisis in teacher pension funding has led states to consider various reforms in plan design, to replace the traditional benefit formulas, based on years of service and final average salary (FAS). One such design is a cash balance (CB) plan, long deployed in the private sector, and increasingly considered, but rarely yet adopted for teachers. Such plans are structured… more →
Impacts of COVID-19 on the Child Care Sector: Evidence from North Carolina
… COVID-19 has created acute challenges for the child care sector, potentially leading to a shortage of supply and a shrinking sector as the economy recovers. This study …COVID-19 has created acute challenges for the child care sector, potentially leading to a shortage of supply and a shrinking sector as the economy recovers. This study provides the first comprehensive, census-level evaluation of the medium-term impacts of COVID-19 on the county child care market in a large and diverse state, North Carolina. We also document the disproportionate impacts of… more →
The Effects of Economic Conditions on the Labor Market for Teachers
… on new teacher quality, but has not been able to determine the extent to which this relationship arises from a supply response (increased quantity or positive selection of teaching candidates) vs. a demand response (selection in … In this paper, I use longitudinal data on students and teachers in Massachusetts to describe the effects of …Prior research has found that economic downturns have positive effects on new teacher quality, but has not been able to determine the extent to which this relationship arises from a supply response (increased quantity or positive selection of teaching candidates) vs. a demand response (selection in hiring enabled by falling demand). In this paper, I use longitudinal data on students and… more →
Evolution vs. Creationism in the Classroom: The Lasting Effects of Science Education
… societies. Can schools be an important agent in mitigating the propagation of such attitudes? This paper investigates the effect of the … science education on anti-scientific attitudes, knowledge, and choices. The analysis exploits staggered reforms that …Anti-scientific attitudes can impose substantial costs on societies. Can schools be an important agent in mitigating the propagation of such attitudes? This paper investigates the effect of the content of science education on anti-scientific attitudes, knowledge, and choices. The analysis exploits staggered reforms that reduce or expand the coverage of evolution theory in US state science… more →
Unequal & Increasingly Unfair: How Federal Policy Creates Disparities in Special Education Funding
… The formula used to allocate federal funding for state and local special education programs is one of the Individual with Disabilities Act’s most critical …The formula used to allocate federal funding for state and local special education programs is one of the Individual with Disabilities Act’s most critical components. The formula not only serves as the primary mechanism for dividing available federal dollars among states, it also represents policymakers’ intent to equalize educational opportunities for students with disabilities nationwide. In… more →
Understanding Differential Growth During School Years and Summers for Students in Special Education
… Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, schools are required to provide a free and appropriate public education to students with … in special education (never-SPED). We follow one cohort of about 4,200 students for five years and assess the …Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, schools are required to provide a free and appropriate public education to students with disabilities and show that the students are making academic progress. This study compares within- and across-years academic growth from kindergarten to 4th grade for students who were ever in special education (ever-SPED) to students who were never in… more →
The Opioid Crisis and Educational Performance
… The opioid crisis is widely recognized as one of the most important public health emergencies of our time, and an issue that is particularly acute for rural …The opioid crisis is widely recognized as one of the most important public health emergencies of our time, and an issue that is particularly acute for rural communities. We propose a simple model of how opioids in a community can impact the education outcomes of children based on both the extent of exposure to opioids in the community and the child’s vulnerability to any given level of… more →
The Importance of Cognitive Domains and the Returns to Schooling in South Africa: Evidence from Two Labor Surveys
… Numerous studies have considered the important role of cognition in estimating the returns to schooling. How … in two samples. We instrument for schooling levels and we find that each additional year of schooling leads to …Numerous studies have considered the important role of cognition in estimating the returns to schooling. How cognitive abilities affect schooling may have important policy implications, especially in developing countries during periods of increasing educational attainment. Using two longitudinal labor surveys that collect direct proxy measures of cognitive skills, we study the importance of… more →
Nurturing Nature: How Brain Development is Inherently Social and Emotional, and What This Means for Education
… in neurobiology are revealing that brain development and the learning it enables are directly dependent on social-emotional experience. Growing bodies of research reveal the importance of socially-triggered …New advances in neurobiology are revealing that brain development and the learning it enables are directly dependent on social-emotional experience. Growing bodies of research reveal the importance of socially-triggered epigenetic contributions to brain development and brain network configuration, with implications for social-emotional functioning, cognition, motivation and learning. Brain… more →
How to “QuantCrit:” Practices and Questions for Education Data Researchers and Users
… is a rapidly developing approach that seeks to challenge and improve the use of statistical data in social research by applying the …‘QuantCrit’ (Quantitative Critical Race Theory) is a rapidly developing approach that seeks to challenge and improve the use of statistical data in social research by applying the insights of Critical Race Theory. As originally formulated, QuantCrit rests on five principles; 1) the centrality of racism; 2) numbers are not neutral; 3) categories are not natural; 4) voice and insight (data… more →
The Role of Comprehensive Student Support Interventions during School Turnaround
… The persistence of underperformance in schools within large urban districts … turnaround with comprehensive student support intervention and the timing of the implementation of the intervention … efforts demonstrate improvement in math and English language arts compared to those not implementing the …The persistence of underperformance in schools within large urban districts remains a significant challenge in the U.S. K-12 education system. Education policymakers have enacted legislation aiming at improving these schools through ``turnaround'' initiatives. However, students attending underperforming schools face multifaceted challenges that extend beyond the classroom. Therefore,… more →
Testing, Teacher Turnover and the Distribution of Teachers Across Grades and Schools
… turnover has adverse consequences for student achievement and imposes large financial costs for schools. Some have … to teacher attrition. In this paper, we exploit changes in the tested grades and subjects in Georgia to study the effects of eliminating high-stakes testing on teacher turnover and …Teacher turnover has adverse consequences for student achievement and imposes large financial costs for schools. Some have argued that high-stakes testing may lower teachers’ satisfaction with their jobs and could be a major contributor to teacher attrition. In this paper, we exploit changes in the tested grades and subjects in Georgia to study the effects of eliminating high-stakes testing on… more →
Should I Stay or Should I Go Now? An Analysis of Pension Structure and Retirement Timing
… Over the last two decades, t wenty-two states have moved away from traditional defined benefit (DB) pension systems and toward pension plan structures like the defined … are considering such a reform as it is seen as a means of limiting future pension funding risk. It is important to …Over the last two decades, twenty-two states have moved away from traditional defined benefit (DB) pension systems and toward pension plan structures like the defined contribution (DC) plans now prevalent in the private sector. Others are considering such a reform as it is seen as a means of limiting future pension funding risk. It is important to understand the implications of such reforms… more →
Public Higher Education Costs and College Enrollment
… How have changes in the costs of enrolling for full-time study at public 2-year and 4-year colleges have affected the decisions about whether …How have changes in the costs of enrolling for full-time study at public 2-year and 4-year colleges have affected the decisions about whether and where to enroll in college? We exploit local differences in the growth of tuition at community colleges and public 4-year colleges to study the impact of public higher education costs on the postsecondary enrollment decisions of high school graduates… more →
Empty Plates, Empty Seats: Food Insecurity and Student Absence in the US and Across the Globe
… Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant rise in student absenteeism in the US and elsewhere. Meanwhile, food insecurity remains a … We used multi-level zero-inflated Poisson regression to analyze novel, individual-level data of about half a …Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant rise in student absenteeism in the US and elsewhere. Meanwhile, food insecurity remains a persistent issue across the globe, including in the US. Food insecurity shapes students’ immediate and wider contexts and may worsen school attendance. Applying ecological systems theory, we examined the relationship between food… more →
On the Margin: Who Receives a Juvenile Referral in School and What Effect Does It Have?
… Involvement with the juvenile justice system carries immense consequences both to detained youth and to society more broadly. Extant research on the … suspension with less attention on understanding the impact of school referrals to the juvenile justice system on …Involvement with the juvenile justice system carries immense consequences both to detained youth and to society more broadly. Extant research on the “school-to-prison pipeline” often focuses on school disciplinary practices such as suspension with less attention on understanding the impact of school referrals to the juvenile justice system on students. Using novel administrative data from… more →
Racialized Reactivity: How Metrics-Formation Contributed to a Racialized Organizational Order in Medical Education
… A common point of contention across education policy debates is whether and how facially race-neutral metrics of quality produce or … interrogating this relationship, as many scholars point to the 1910, Carnegie-funded Flexner Report—which proposed …A common point of contention across education policy debates is whether and how facially race-neutral metrics of quality produce or maintain racialized inequities. Medical education is a useful site for interrogating this relationship, as many scholars point to the 1910, Carnegie-funded Flexner Report—which proposed standardized quality metrics—as a main driver of the closure of five of the… more →
Are Connections the Way to Get Ahead? Social Capital, Student Achievement, Friendships, and Social Mobility
… Chetty et al. (2022) say county density of cross-class friendships (referred to here as … capital”) has causal impacts on social mobility within the United States. We instead find that social mobility rates … of county density of family capital (higher marriage rates and two-person households), community capital (community …Chetty et al. (2022) say county density of cross-class friendships (referred to here as “adult-bridging capital”) has causal impacts on social mobility within the United States. We instead find that social mobility rates are a function of county density of family capital (higher marriage rates and two-person households), community capital (community organizations, religious congregations, and… more →
Public Investments and Class Gaps in Parents’ Developmental Expenditures
… Families and governments are the primary sources of investment in children, proving access to basic resources …Families and governments are the primary sources of investment in children, proving access to basic resources and other developmental opportunities. Recent research identifies significant class gaps in parental investments that contribute to high levels of inequality by family income and education and, potentially, to inequality in children’s development. State-level public… more →
The Unintended Effects of the Common Core State Standards on Non-Targeted Subjects
… states have aligned their education standards by adopting the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for math and English Language Arts. The CCSS did not target other … such as science and social studies. We estimate spillovers of the CCSS on student achievement in non-targeted subjects …From 2010 onwards, most US states have aligned their education standards by adopting the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for math and English Language Arts. The CCSS did not target other subjects such as science and social studies. We estimate spillovers of the CCSS on student achievement in non-targeted subjects in models with state and year fixed effects. Using student achievement data… more →
Uniform Admissions, Unequal Access: Did the Top 10% Plan Increase Access to Selective Flagship Institutions?
… The Top 10% Plan admissions policy has now been in place in Texas for over two decades. We analyze 18 years of post-Top 10% Plan data to look for evidence of increased … benefits of the policy appear to be overstated and may not go as far as advocates might have hoped in terms …The Top 10% Plan admissions policy has now been in place in Texas for over two decades. We analyze 18 years of post-Top 10% Plan data to look for evidence of increased access to the selective Texas flagship campuses among all Texas high schools. We provide a detailed description of changes in enrollment patterns at the flagship campuses from Texas high schools after the implementation of the… more →
Diversifying the Teaching Profession: How to Recruit and Retain Teachers of Color
… Research illustrates the importance of greater teacher diversity because of the substantial … benefits teachers of color provide to all students, and to students of color in particular. Studies also show …Research illustrates the importance of greater teacher diversity because of the substantial benefits teachers of color provide to all students, and to students of color in particular. Studies also show that policies must focus more effectively on retention of teachers of color, if diversity in the teaching profession is to be sustained. While more teachers of color are being recruited than in… more →
College Students and Career Aspirations: Nudging Student Interest in Teaching
… students at a large public university to understand the pecuniary and non-pecuniary factors driving their college major and … will pursue teaching, almost 27% report a nonzero chance of working as a teacher in the future. Students, relative to …We survey undergraduate students at a large public university to understand the pecuniary and non-pecuniary factors driving their college major and career decisions with a focus on K-12 teaching. While the average student reports there is a 6% chance they will pursue teaching, almost 27% report a nonzero chance of working as a teacher in the future. Students, relative to existing statistics,… more →
The Enduring Struggle of Standards-Based Reform: Lessons from a National Research Center on College and Career-Ready Standards
… Standards have been at the heart of state and federal efforts to improve education for several …Standards have been at the heart of state and federal efforts to improve education for several decades. Most recently, standards-based reforms have evolved with a focus on more ambitious "college- and career-ready" (CCR) standards. This paper synthesizes the results of a seven-year national research center focused on the implementation and effects of CCR standards. The paper draws on… more →
Experimental education research: clarifying why, how and when to use random assignment
… Over the last twenty years, education researchers have … conducted randomised experiments with the goal of informing the decisions of educators and policymakers. Such experiments have generally employed …Over the last twenty years, education researchers have increasingly conducted randomised experiments with the goal of informing the decisions of educators and policymakers. Such experiments have generally employed broad, consequential, standardised outcome measures in the hope that this would allow decisionmakers to compare effectiveness of different approaches. However, a combination of small… more →
The Lingering Legacy of Redlining on School Funding, Diversity, and Performance
… Between 1935-1940 the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) assigned A (minimal … reflected their lending risk from previously issued loans and visualized these grades on color-coded maps, which … In this study, we leverage a spatial analysis of 144 HOLC-graded core-based statistical areas (CBSAs) to …Between 1935-1940 the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) assigned A (minimal risk) to D (hazardous) grades to neighborhoods that reflected their lending risk from previously issued loans and visualized these grades on color-coded maps, which arguably influenced banks and other mortgage lenders to provide or deny home loans within residential neighborhoods. In this study, we leverage a… more →
The Reform Logics of Teaching: How Institutionalized Conceptions of Teaching Shape Teacher Professional Identity
… Teachers’ professional identities are the foundation of their practice. Previous scholarship has largely … across four US states (California, New York, Florida, and Texas), and develop an original survey measure to capture …Teachers’ professional identities are the foundation of their practice. Previous scholarship has largely overlooked the extent to which the broader institutional environment shapes teachers’ professional identities. In this study, I bridge institutional logics with theory on teacher professional identity to empirically examine the deeply institutionalized, taken-for-granted ways American… more →
Correspondence Measures for Assessing Replication Success
… Given recent evidence challenging the replicability of results in the social and behavioral sciences, critical questions have been raised …Given recent evidence challenging the replicability of results in the social and behavioral sciences, critical questions have been raised about appropriate measures for determining replication success in comparing effect estimates across studies. At issue is the fact that conclusions about replication success often depend on the measure used for evaluating correspondence in… more →
How America’s Schools Responded to the COVID Crisis
… COVID-19 has forced essentially all schools in the country to close their doors to inperson activities. In … across school types. We focus on five main constructs of school activity during COVID-19: personalization and engagement in instruction, personalization and engagement …COVID-19 has forced essentially all schools in the country to close their doors to inperson activities. In this study, we provide new evidence about variation in school responses across school types. We focus on five main constructs of school activity during COVID-19: personalization and engagement in instruction, personalization and engagement in other school communication with students,… more →
New Places, New Players, a New Politics of Education
… In the last decade, many political conflicts over K-12 education … it may seem like this development represents a sudden and surprising departure from a long-standing tradition of bipartisanship, I argue that the politics of education has …In the last decade, many political conflicts over K-12 education in the United States have increasingly divided along party lines. While it may seem like this development represents a sudden and surprising departure from a long-standing tradition of bipartisanship, I argue that the politics of education has been gradually growing more exposed to partisan conflict over a much longer period of… more →
Bring in the Subs: A Mixed-Method Investigation of the Substitute Teacher Labor Market in Michigan
… function, yet little research has focused on understanding the contours of the substitute labor market. This paper uses a mixed … of substitute teachers, state administrative data, and interviews with district administrators and substitute …Substitute teachers play a crucial role in how schools can function, yet little research has focused on understanding the contours of the substitute labor market. This paper uses a mixed method approach, including a survey of a random sample of the population of substitute teachers, state administrative data, and interviews with district administrators and substitute teachers in Michigan to… more →
The Decline in Teacher Working Conditions During and After the COVID Pandemic
… 2016-17 to 2022-23, covering school years before, during, and after the COVID pandemic. We show working conditions were improving … the pandemic arrived. Perhaps more surprisingly, the peak of the pandemic was not a low point for teacher working …We study changes to teacher working conditions from 2016-17 to 2022-23, covering school years before, during, and after the COVID pandemic. We show working conditions were improving leading into the pandemic but declined when the pandemic arrived. Perhaps more surprisingly, the peak of the pandemic was not a low point for teacher working conditions, which have continued to decline during the… more →
Out of Sight, Out of Mind? The Gap between Students’ Test Performance and Teachers’ Estimations in India and Bangladesh
… This is one of the first studies of the mismatch between students’ test scores and teachers’ estimations of those scores in low- and … leverage data on actual and estimated scores in math and language from India and Bangladesh and find that teachers …This is one of the first studies of the mismatch between students’ test scores and teachers’ estimations of those scores in low- and middle-income countries. Prior studies in high-income countries have found strong correlations between these metrics. We leverage data on actual and estimated scores in math and language from India and Bangladesh and find that teachers misestimate their students… more →
The Democratic Deficit in U.S. Education Governance
… Political scientists have largely overlooked the democratic challenges inherent in the governance of U.S. public education—despite profound implications for educational delivery and, ultimately, social mobility and economic growth. In this …Political scientists have largely overlooked the democratic challenges inherent in the governance of U.S. public education—despite profound implications for educational delivery and, ultimately, social mobility and economic growth. In this study, we consider whether the interests of adult voters who elect school boards in each community are likely to be aligned with the educational needs of… more →
Effects of the Flipped Classroom: Evidence from a Randomized Trial
… pedagogical model, students view a video lecture at home and work on exercises with the instructor during class time. Advocates of the flipped classroom claim the practice not only improves …In a flipped classroom, an increasingly popular pedagogical model, students view a video lecture at home and work on exercises with the instructor during class time. Advocates of the flipped classroom claim the practice not only improves student achievement, but also ameliorates the achievement gap. We conduct a randomized controlled trial at West Point and find that the flipped classroom… more →
Who refers whom? The effects of teacher characteristics on disciplinary office referrals
… Teachers affect a wide range of students’ educational and social outcomes, but how they … in school discipline is less understood. We estimate the impact of teacher demographics and other observed …Teachers affect a wide range of students’ educational and social outcomes, but how they contribute to students’ involvement in school discipline is less understood. We estimate the impact of teacher demographics and other observed qualifications on students’ likelihood of receiving a disciplinary referral. Using data that track all disciplinary referrals and the identity of both the referred… more →
Estimating Student Growth on Psychological and Social-emotional Constructs: A Comparison of Multiple Scoring Approaches
… A huge portion of what we know about how humans develop, learn, behave, and interact is based on survey data. Researchers use longitudinal growth modeling to understand the development of students on psychological and …A huge portion of what we know about how humans develop, learn, behave, and interact is based on survey data. Researchers use longitudinal growth modeling to understand the development of students on psychological and social-emotional learning constructs across elementary and middle school. In these designs, students are typically administered a consistent set of self-report survey items… more →
GenAI-101: What Undergraduate Students Need to Know and Actually Know About Generative AI
… various applications in education, from Socratic tutoring and writing assistance to teacher training and essay scoring. … widespread use among high school and college students in the United States, there is limited research on students’ understanding and perception of these technologies. This study aims to fill that gap by …In November 2022, OpenAI released ChatGPT, a groundbreaking generative AI chatbot backed by large language models (LLMs). Since then, these models have seen various applications in education, from Socratic tutoring and writing assistance to teacher training and essay scoring. Despite their widespread use among high school and college students in the United States, there is limited research on… more →
Education and Climate Change: Synthesizing the Evidence to Guide Future Research
… The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly visible across … U.S. PreK-12 education system. Schools are both vulnerable to climate change and uniquely positioned to be part of the solution. We …The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly visible across all aspects of the U.S. PreK-12 education system. Schools are both vulnerable to climate change and uniquely positioned to be part of the solution. We synthesize interdisciplinary research and data to illustrate the bi-directional relationship between schools and our changing climate. Drawing on this evidence, we map out a… more →
The Four Day Gamble: The Quasi-Experimental Effects of Four-Day School Week Adoption on Teacher, Principal, and Paraprofessional Staff Turnover and District Financial Outcomes
… districts that are seeking to reduce educator turnover and district expenditures. Using a staggered treatment event study design, I am among the first to estimate the quasi-experimental effects of 4DSW adoption on teacher, principal, and paraprofessional …Four-day school week (4DSW) adoption is an increasingly popular policy, particularly for rural districts that are seeking to reduce educator turnover and district expenditures. Using a staggered treatment event study design, I am among the first to estimate the quasi-experimental effects of 4DSW adoption on teacher, principal, and paraprofessional staff turnover. Further, I provide a valuable… more →
Teacher Working Conditions and Dissatisfaction Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
… With a goal of contextualizing teacher job dissatisfaction during the first full school year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we contrast teachers’ experiences to the decade and a half leading up to the pandemic. We draw on nationally …With a goal of contextualizing teacher job dissatisfaction during the first full school year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we contrast teachers’ experiences to the decade and a half leading up to the pandemic. We draw on nationally representative data from the Schools and Staffing Survey and National Teacher and Principal Survey from the 2003-04 to 2020-21 school years. Through descriptive and… more →
How Context Shapes the Relationship between School Autonomy and Test-Scores: An Explanatory Analysis using PISA 2015
… School autonomy has been and continues to be one of the most important education reform strategies around the …School autonomy has been and continues to be one of the most important education reform strategies around the world despite ambiguity about its theoretical and empirical effects on students learning. We use international data from PISA to test three country-level factors that might account for inconsistent results in prior literature: (1) the selective implementation of school autonomy based… more →
Uncovering the sources of gender wage gaps among teachers: The role of compensation off the salary schedule
… male peers after controlling for experience, education, and school characteristics. Building on this literature, this … examines teacher salaries to provide empirical evidence of the extent of gender wage gaps in the teaching profession …Public teacher compensation is largely determined by fixed salary schedules that were designed to avoid payment inequalities based on demographic characteristics. Yet, recent research shows female teachers earn less than their male peers after controlling for experience, education, and school characteristics. Building on this literature, this paper examines teacher salaries to provide… more →
The Dynamic Market for Short-Cycle Higher Education Programs
… (SCPs) form skilled human capital in two or three years and could be key to upskilling and reskilling the workforce, provided their supply responds fast and nimbly to local labor market needs. We study determinants of SCP entry and exit in Colombia for markets defined by …Short-cycle higher education programs (SCPs) form skilled human capital in two or three years and could be key to upskilling and reskilling the workforce, provided their supply responds fast and nimbly to local labor market needs. We study determinants of SCP entry and exit in Colombia for markets defined by geographic location and field of study. We show greater dynamism in the market for… more →
Best and Brightest? The Impact of Student Visa Restrictiveness on Who Attends College in the US
… international students to obtain F-1 visas. Yet, before the COVID-19 pandemic, student visa applicants already faced … approximately 27 percent refusal rate that varies by time and region. Using data on the universe of SAT takers between 2004 and 2015 matched with college …Recent immigration policies have created massive uncertainty for international students to obtain F-1 visas. Yet, before the COVID-19 pandemic, student visa applicants already faced an approximately 27 percent refusal rate that varies by time and region. Using data on the universe of SAT takers between 2004 and 2015 matched with college enrollment records, we examine how the anticipated F-1 visa… more →